At its core, reading is the process of decoding symbols (written letters) into language, then interpreting and comprehending those symbols. This skill depends on several underlying cognitive functions:

Phonological Awareness:

Phonemic Awareness: This is the ability to recognize and manipulate the sound structures of language, particularly phonemes, which are the smallest units of sound. Phonological awareness is critical because it enables readers to map sounds onto letters, forming the basis of decoding.